
3D seismic

Seismic acquisition typically requires laying geophones or seismometers on the surface of the earth or seafloor to record the seismic signal.
A source, such as a vibrator or a dynamite shot, is then used to generate vibrations that travel into the earth, pass through strata with different seismic responses and return to the surface to be recorded as seismic data. Significant optimisation is required according to local conditions, including choice of the appropriate source, configuration of receivers, and orientation of receiver lines with respect to geological features. Processing is required to identify and remove side effects such as air waves, ground roll and multiple signals. Seismic is a time record and needs to be converted to depth before drilling. 2D seismic refers to widely spaced 2D seismic lines, which usually require significant interpolation.
3D seismic is the acquisition of seismic data as closely spaced lines with no significant gaps in the subsurface coverage. Typical receiver line spacing is 300 metres to over 600 metres and typical distances between shot points and receiver groups is 35 metres to 65 metres.
The resultant data set can be “cut” in any direction but still display a well sampled seismic section. A good 3D seismic data set, allows subsurface layers to be placed in their proper vertical and horizontal positions, providing more accurate subsurface maps than can be constructed on the basis of more widely spaced 2D. Computer-based interpretation and display of 3D seismic data allow for more thorough analysis than 2D seismic data and more accurate conversion to depth.
With respect to Zechstein exploration in Poland, the acquisition of modern 3D seismic data has enabled the reliable mapping of the anhydrite platforms and their slope margins. In addition,
high quality 3D data can be processed to reveal areas of enhanced quality reservoir. These areas may then become the focus of reduced-risk exploration drilling.
The image is a 3D view showing the full extent to the 3D survey crossing both the Cybinka and Torzym Blocks. The surface portrayed is near to the level of the Zechstein Main Dolomite potential reservoir interval. The platform area can be seen in the distance and the steep slope at the edge of the platform is clearly seen. Prospective areas are located along the upper and lower edges of the platform slope.